Research & Clinical Studies
Evidence-based Wearable Therapy™
Our wearable devices are supported by years of clinical research published in peer-reviewed journals.
Key Study Results
Clinical studies have been conducted on AxioBionics wearable devices. Individual results may vary.
Our Research Approach
We are committed to evidence-based development and continuous improvement of our wearable devices.
Clinical Trials
Clinical studies to evaluate the performance and safety of our wearable devices.
Long-term Studies
Longitudinal research tracking outcomes over extended periods to evaluate sustained effects.
Peer Review
Publishing findings in medical journals for independent validation by the scientific community.
AxioBionics Wearable Therapy™ Research
By Philip Muccio, Inventor of Wearable Therapy™
Our founder Philip Muccio has pioneered wearable electrical stimulation therapy with published research spanning over 30 years. These studies document the outcomes of AxioBionics devices and the underlying technology on real patients.
Clinical Studies
Browse our published research organized by condition.
Longitudinal Retrospective Study of a Wearable NMES System to Determine the Effects on Arm Usage in Hemiparetic and Hemiplegic Patients
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 2024
Muccio P, Salama R, Chopra N et al.
Therapeutic Effectiveness of AxioBionics Wearable Therapy Pain Management System in Patients with Chronic Lower Back Pain
Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2021
Muccio P, Schueller J, van Emde Boas M et al.
Electronic Orthoses: Technology, Prototypes, and Practices
Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 1989
Muccio P
Effects of Electrical Stimulation with AxioShorts on Seating Pressure Distribution
AxioBionics Research, 2012
Janssen TWJ, Smit CAJ
Effect of Duty Cycle of BioShorts Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Activation and Pressure
AxioBionics Research, 2013
Smit CAJ, Janssen TWJ
NeuroPro8 Stimulation Effects on Blood Flow and Oxygen Pressure
AxioBionics Research, 2013
Smit CAJ
BioShorts Electrical Stimulation for Pressure Sore Prevention in Spinal Cord Injury: A Dissertation
Doctoral Dissertation, 2016
Smit CAJ
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Rehabilitation: Clinical Evidence and Applications
AxioBionics Research, 2013
Heesterbeek PJC, Smit CAJ
Smart-ePants: Gluteal Electrical Stimulation for Pressure Injury Prevention
AxioBionics Research, 2015
Smit CAJ
The Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation on Shoulder Subluxation, Arm Function Recovery, and Shoulder Pain in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1994
Faghri PD, Rodgers MM, Glaser RM et al.
Functional Electrical Stimulation Enhancement of Upper Extremity Functional Recovery During Stroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2007
Alon G, Levitt AF, McCarthy PA
Long-term Effectiveness of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for Promoting Motor Recovery of the Upper Extremity After Stroke
Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2011
Lin Z, Yan T
Effectiveness of Functional Electrical Stimulation in Improving Clinical Outcomes in the Upper Arm Following Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
BioMed Research International, 2015
Vafadar AK, Cote JN, Archambault PS
Effects of Electrical Stimulation in Spastic Muscles After Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Stroke, 2015
Stein C, Fritsch CG, Robinson C et al.
Does Therapeutic NMES Improve Function in Children with Disabilities?
Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 2016
Bosques G, Martin R, McGee L et al.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Versus Volitional Isometric Strength Training in Children With Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Preliminary Study
Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 2007
Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Stackhouse CA et al.
Rehabilitation with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Leads to Functional Gains in Ambulation in Patients with Secondary Progressive and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Series Report
The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2010
Wahls TL, Reese D, Kaplan D et al.
Using TENS for Pain Control: The State of the Evidence
Pain Management, 2014
Vance CGT, Dailey DL, Rakel BA et al.
Effect of Opioid vs Nonopioid Medications on Pain-Related Function in Patients With Chronic Back Pain or Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis Pain
JAMA, 2018
Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S et al.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training Results in Enhanced Activation of Spinal Stabilizing Muscles During Spinal Loading and Improvements in Pain Ratings
IEEE EMBS Conference Proceedings, 2011
Coghlan S, Crowe L, McCarthyPersson U et al.
Exploring Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Intensity Effects on Multifidus Muscle Activity in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: An Ultrasound Imaging-Informed Investigation
Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2019
Sions JM, Crippen DC, Hicks GE et al.
Effectiveness of a Lumbar Belt in Subacute Low Back Pain: An Open, Multicentric, and Randomized Clinical Study
Spine, 2009
Calmels P, Queneau P, Hamonet C et al.
Direct and Indirect Benefits Reported by Users of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Qualitative Exploration Using Patient Interviews
Physical Therapy, 2015
Gladwell PW, Badlan K, Cramp F et al.
The Demographics of Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: A Survey of Our Model System
Spinal Cord Series and Cases, 2022
Bresnahan JJ, Scoblionko BR, Zorn D et al.
The Effect of Low-Frequency TENS in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Cord, 2013
Celik EC, Erhan B, Gunduz B et al.
Muscle Atrophy is Prevented in Patients with Acute Spinal Cord Injury Using Functional Electrical Stimulation
Spinal Cord, 1998
Baldi JC, Jackson RD, Moraille R et al.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation of Completely Paralyzed Abdominal Muscles in Spinal Cord-Injured Patients: A Pilot Study
Spinal Cord, 2008
Hascakova-Bartova R, Dinant JF, Parent A et al.
Femoral Artery Blood Flow and Microcirculatory Perfusion During Acute, Low-Level Functional Electrical Stimulation in Spinal Cord Injury
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2018
Barton TJ, Low DA, Janssen TWJ et al.
Difficulty With Evacuation After Spinal Cord Injury: Colonic Motility During Sleep and Effects of Abdominal Wall Stimulation
Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 2004
Korsten MA, Fajardo NR, Rosman AS et al.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism (Review)
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017
Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Antoniou GA et al.
Haemodynamic Performance of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) During Recovery from Total Hip Arthroplasty
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 2013
Broderick BJ, Breathnach O, Condon F et al.
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Decreased Intramuscular Fat After Unilateral Resistance Training in Spinal Cord Injury: Case Report
Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2010
Gorgey AS, Shepherd C
Alterations in Body Composition and Spasticity Following Subtetanic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Spinal Cord Injury
Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 2013
Carty A, McCormack K, Coughlan GF et al.
Histochemical Changes in Muscle of Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury Following Functional Electrical Stimulated Exercise Training
Spinal Cord, 1999
Chilibeck PD, Jeon J, Weiss C et al.
Feasibility of Overnight Electrical Stimulation-Induced Muscle Activation in People with a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study
Spinal Cord Series and Cases, 2020
Smit CAJ, Legemate KJA, de Koning A et al.
Effects of Spinal Cord Injury on Body Composition and Metabolic Profile
Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2014
Gorgey AS, Dolbow DR, Dolbow JD et al.
Local Vascular Adaptations after Hybrid Training in Spinal Cord-Injured Subjects
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2005
Thijssen DHJ, Heesterbeek P, van Kuppevelt DJ et al.
Clinical Use of the Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator: Its Effect on the Speed and Effort of Walking
Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1999
Taylor PN, Burridge JH, Dunkerley AL et al.
Effects of Dorsiflexor Endurance Exercises on Foot Drop Secondary to Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study
NeuroRehabilitation, 2006
Mount J, Dacko S
Neuromuscular Stimulation for Upper Extremity Motor and Functional Recovery in Acute Hemiplegia
Stroke, 1998
Chae J, Bethoux F, Bohine T et al.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Combined with Task-Related Training Improves Lower Limb Functions in Subjects with Chronic Stroke
Stroke, 2007
Ng SS, Hui-Chan CW
Rejection rate of orthoses in patients with spinal cord injury
International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 2009
Safaz I, Yilmaz B, Yasar E et al.
The effect of ankle-foot orthoses on kinematics and kinetics of walking in individuals with neurologic disorders: A systematic review
Clinical Neurophysiology, 2010
Swinnen E, Duerinck S, Baeyens JP et al.
Trunk Muscle Training Augmented With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Appears to Improve Function in Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Preliminary Trial
The Clinical Journal of Pain, 2016
Hicks GE, Sions JM, Velasco TO et al.
Electrical Calf Muscle Stimulation in Patients With Post-Thrombotic Syndrome and Residual Venous Obstruction After Anticoagulation Therapy
International Angiology, 2018
Lobastov K, Ryzhkin V, Vorontsova A et al.
Using the Hephaistos Orthotic Device to Study Countermeasure Effectiveness of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Dietary Lupin Protein Supplementation, a Randomized Controlled Trial
PLOS ONE, 2017
Zange J, Schopen K, Albracht K et al.
Showing 46 of 46 studies
Upper Extremity Research
A comprehensive 10-year longitudinal study followed patients using wearable electrical stimulation therapy, revealing substantial enhancements in arm usage among individuals with hemiparesis and hemiplegia.
Study Highlights
- Average increase in arm usage from 9.9% to 43.5%
- Long-term sustained improvements in motor function
- Enhanced quality of life and daily activity participation
- Non-invasive therapy with minimal side effects
Arm Usage Improvement
Average results from 10-year longitudinal study. Individual results may vary.
Published in peer-reviewed medical journals. Contact us for study references.
Disclaimer: Many of the studies referenced on this page were not conducted using AxioBionics products specifically, but involve the same underlying technology (NMES / FES). AxioBionics references these studies to demonstrate the broader evidence base for wearable neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy. Individual results may vary.
Experience the Results Yourself
Schedule an evaluation to learn how our FDA-cleared wearable devices may help support your quality of life. Individual results may vary.